Removal of Pb(II) ion by activated carbon synthesised from <i>Musa Acuminate</i> stem waste: surface properties, kinetics, adsorption mechanism, and reusability

We present the synthesis of Activated Carbon (AC) by pyrolysis Banana (Musa Acuminate) Stem Waste (BSW), and ability obtained AC for adsorptive removal Pb(II) ions from water. Importantly, was performed at 750°C 2.0 h in presence high surface area producing chemical activators such as NaOH, LiOH, H3PO4, ZnCl2, KOH. BET-surface areas produced with KOH were determined to be 908, 1531, 1670, 2245, 2485 m2 g−1, respectively. Pore volume ascending order 0.59 (NaOH) < 0.68 (LiOH) 0.86 (H3PO4) 0.97 (ZnCl2) <1.18 (KOH) cm3 g−1. SEM TEM images revealed porous nature ACs. ACs exhibit type I adsorption isotherms, indicating their microporous nature. prepared NaOH LiOH II macroporous X-ray diffraction, X-Ray photoelectron, Raman spectroscopy analysis graphitic structure ion onto obeyed Langmuir model. It found that capacities 220, 283, 326, 329, 435 mg respectively, optimised conditions (pH = 6.6, contact time 100 min, [ACs] 0.125 g L−1, 30°C). The interaction between functional groups confirmed photoelectron FT-Infrared spectroscopy. negative values ΔGo ΔHo reveal is spontaneous exothermic. capacity increased an increase BET-SA pore ACs, BSW exhibiting highest Thus, study highlights BSW, agricultural biomass waste a low-cost abundantly available carbon precursor synthesise potential adsorbent water treatment.